The End of Work :: Literary Analysis, Jeremy Rifkin

The material and ideological conditions of our society is important to understand our social situation. This essay outlines the material and ideological conditions and how it signifies our social situation. Material condition means production, exchange and the organization of society. Ideological condition means ideas that are common in society. This essay will focus on the following reading: â€Å"The End of Work† by Jeremy Rifkin, â€Å"Where the Wasteland Ends† by Theodore Roszak, â€Å"The Making of Economic Society† by Robert Heilbroner and â€Å"The Tyranny of Work† by James W. Rinehart. The material conditions in our society are very important. The introduction of machines reduced the number workers in the workforce. The commodity was produced mainly by machines with a little help of humans. The technology has developed which lead workplaces look into new ways in reducing cost and efficient products. In the â€Å"Where the Wasteland Ends† by Theodore Roszak it stated that knowledge grows and how tomorrow’s knowledge is enormous. Today’s knowledge would always be the base for tommow’s knowledge. (Roszak,149) Today’s people know more than people in the past. This relates to the â€Å"The End of Work† by Jeremy Rifkin article which states that the people in the past had their own knowledge of producing their own things for their own needs and than these workers had to make the products for other people which than lead to inventing machines to get rid of the workers. This demonstrates the fact that â€Å"the workers† were the old knowledge and the â€Å"machines† are the new knowledge. As technology, in other words â€Å"science† grows new knowledge would develop and this would lead today’s young generation to become smarter than the previous generation. The jobs that are present today in our society is related t o technology and therefore the work people do shows what they are worth. If you have more knowledge on the recent technology you would have a higher value. (Rifkin, 17) In the â€Å"The Making of Economic Society† by Robert Heilbroner it mentions that in order for humans to earn their daily bread they must work. (Heilbroner,1) In our world, the well developed countries depend on other countries to provide them with their daily needs and other products. They do not make their products instead they ship materials in and out the country for their citizens to use. (Heilbroner, 3) Countries like U.

Political Power Essay

Power could be defined as â€Å"the ability to bring about change† according to Beyond intractability. Org website (http://www.beyondintractability.org/essay/Power/). Power is the ability to influence the behavior of the others so as to make them do what one wants.   It entails authority and control.   Thus political power is the authority to control a society. Political power can be manipulated leading to negative use by the person or people holding it.   There are many bad uses of political power that can result from holding of the power by an irresponsible person. Such negative uses include dictatorship, corruption and oppression of the society.   Political power can also be used positively to bring benefit to the society. Political power can be used to foster development, to maintain peace and also to protect the society from external threats of invasion.   Despite the various harsh negative uses of political power, the positive uses shows that political power does not always lead to negative outcomes.   Political power can be effectively used to bring a lot of benefits to the society. Political power can be used to perpetrate corruption. People holding much political power can use it inappropriately to engage in corruption. This is particularly possible when much of the power is vested on a few individuals and there is no evaluation or a watchdog on how this power is used.   When they get enticed to use it for their personal gain at the expense of the society for which they are supposed to care. Corruption is abuse of office or power by a person so as he can benefit.   Corruption can take many forms all leading to great injustices to the society.   When political officers get into office, they do so promising the society that they will serve the interest of the society before their own personal gains.   However, after gaining political power they uphold their personal gain.   This can be done through misappropriation of funds whereby the offices holding the power spends public funds in a way that do not bring benefits to the society.   Example of misappropriation of funds may entail starting of projects that are not necessary to the society or buying luxurious facilities for their use at the expense of other more necessary facilities. Corruption can also be in the form of embezzlement o f public funds.   The political officers may use their power to get access to money belonging to the public through public corporations and use it for their own personal interests.   Facilities of such corporation can be wrongly used to serve the officer’s personal interests instead of their official use. Such actions lead to poor performance of such corporation leading to difficulties in meeting the essential needs of the society.   If funds belonging to a government institution, for example, a hospital are embezzled by a few officers, it means the hospital is not able to offer the services it is supposed to offer efficiently.   This will lead to great suffering of the members of the society which depend on such public facilities.   It is also very unfair to the society as they pay taxes so that they government can offer such services Corruption can also take the form of bribery.   This is mostly an administrative form of corruption but can be perpetrated by political officers also.   This involves the political officers asking for bribes from the members of society or organization so as they can be offered certain services. The is bribes may range from small gifts to massive amounts of money.   This form of corruption means the members of society are not able to get services without parting with other resources.   It also means there is segregation of some of the members of the society as, if they fail to raise the required bribes, they don’t get access to the resources they need. Corruption can also lead to extortion.   This entails use of political power by the political officers to obtain something by illegal threats.   The political officers may acquire interests in certain things or organization though issuing threats or force. Corruption has various costs to a country. If corruption is predominant in a country all the members of society are affected in one way or another.   The wealth of such a country is significantly affected leading to decrease in income.   The economy in a very corrupt state will be poor and businesses will not operate efficiently.   Consequently, the national income goes down affecting the ability of the government to offer essential services to the citizens.   This will inform produce a society with high rates of illiteracy and poverty. In the animal farm Napoleon used his political power to instigate corruption. He changed the rules from what had been collectively agreed to what suited his rule. He also used the dogs to threaten any other animal that opposed his rule. Napoleon and the other pigs also used the property of the farm for their own use which the other animals had not agreed upon. Another negative use of political power is establishment of dictatorship rule. Dictatorship is whereby the country is controlled by one or a few individuals who have absolute power.   Their rule is not limited by anyone, buy law constitution or social justices.   They do what they want. To gain dictatorship political officers use the little political power they have to gain more political power and later dictatorship. This is possible through oppression of nay efforts that try to limit their power.   This may include execution of people who take the bold steps of openly opposing the rule of these political powers. Dictators take control of all the operations of power in the country and personalize the rule. The dictatorship may also regulate all the actions by the citizens of a country and directs these actions against the will or consent of the citizens. Dictatorships are influenced by different factors that lead the political rules to misuse their political powers and establish dictatorships.   There are many countries that have been ruled by dictators or are still ruled by dictators.   An example of dictatorship is Stalinism which was a regime established by Joseph Stalin who lived between 1878 and 1953 in United Social Soviet Republic.   He was a dictator party leader whose tenure and campaigns costed lives of millions of people.   His rule had big negative impacts on USSR but also transformed it from a peasant society to an industrial nation http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/RUSstalin.htm). In George Orwell’s book (1996), the Animal Farm he depicts how people struggle collectively to oust bad rule but after gaining control, the few who are trusted with the political power misuse it and establishes an autocratic form of rule whereby they dictate on all the others. The pigs in the story, after chasing the oppressive farmer, took control of the farm and established a rule that oppressed the other animals.   The animals that questioned the rule were mistreated or executed (Orwell 1996). Napoleon used mudslinging to destroy the reputation of Snowball and later chased him from the farm. These represent how people who oppose a dictator are exiled after being falsely accused. This is typical of many African and Asian countries whereby after gaining independence form colonialism, the leaders who were trusted with political power went ahead to establish dictatorship.   Other examples of dictators include Idd Amin of Uganda, Hu Chi Minh of North Vietnam and Saddam Hussein of Iraq. Oppression of citizens and social injustices is another form of negative use of political power.   In this case, the leaders vested with political power bends the rules, and perpetrate actions that lead to oppression of citizens and social injustices.   The law or the constitution is not followed and injustice becomes inaccessible to the society. In political system where citizen are oppressed and social injustice are rife, a few people control all the branches of government. Though the legislative, executive and judiciary branches of the government may seem independent, this few individuals use their political powers to influence the operations of all these branches.   This results to much suffering of the citizens and as the justice system are faulty the citizen lack a forum through which their injustices can be addressed. In modern society this can be done through practices like imposition of rules that are aimed at oppressing the citizens, coercion to the citizens to carry out certain actions and even detention of some prominent people.   The individuals who do not support the action of those with the political power are mistreated, detained or exiled. In the Animal farm, George Orwell depicts how this is done when the pigs after assuming the leadership of the other animals change the rules and uses their power to mistreat, overwork, starve and oppress the other animals (Orwell 1996). Napoleon sold off one of the animals after he became old and less productive. This was an act of betrayal and oppression of the animal as he had also taken part in the fight for their independence. Political power can also be used for the benefits of the society. There are many countries that have benefited from positive use of the political powers to the benefit of the society.   One way political power can be used positively is fostering development can greatly be encouraged through use of political power to create the right environment for development.   Political powers can be used to enact laws, policies and strategies that are aimed at fostering development.   As the political systems influence much of the economic systems in a country, positive use of the political power can lead to positive influence on the economy of a country. The leaders vested with political power can use this pioneer to help enact laws or policies that will encourage investment and expansion of the economy.   This may be in the form of providing incentives to investors building effective infrastructures or providing a conducive environment for the economy to flourish.   In the animal farm the decision to build the windmill was a good idea aimed at bringing development in the farm and comfort to the animals (Orwell 1996). United States is a country that has massive political power that is used to foster developments. The country has a free market economy with policies encouraging conducive running of the economy.   A country like Japan has used their political power to build good infrastructures that facilitate expansion of their economy. Another positive use of political power is maintenance of peace. Political power can be effectively used to maintain peace and order in the country.   As peace is very crucial for co-existence and development in a country such use of political power can lead to great benefits to the country.   The political leaders can use their authority and influence in the society they rule to encourage and foster good co-existence between the citizens.    Political powers are needed to ensure that this happens.   The leader will use their authority to maintain order in the society and make sure that no one single citizen engages in practices that infringe the rights of others.   Laws are enacted to guide the actions of the citizens and certain strategies are taken to make sure that the laws are followed.   Political power is used to establish such a system. In Orwell’s Animal Farm the animal had collaborated to come up with rules that were aimed at maintaining good co-existence among the animals (Orwell 1996). This is done through establishment of a police force that maintains law and order and enactment of a court system that ensures that those who defy the rules are punished or forced to obey. Political power also establishes the judicial system that offers a forum through which the citizens can have their rights enforced.   All these actions bring peace by ensuring all the citizens get their rights and live harmoniously. Another positive use of political power is protection of the country from invasion. Political power is used in establishment of strategies of ensuring that a country is protected from external invasion.   This will ensure that the country is safe from threats and can concentrate on development. Political power can be utilized in different ways to protect a country from external attacks.   First the political leader can use their power and authority to help and lead in formation of policies aimed at protecting the country from possible attacks.   These policies may include security measures aimed at preventing such attacks.   The political powers can also establish armed forces that will maintain the security of the country and defend it in case of any external attacks. Weapons can also be acquired either through manufacturing or purchase form other countries aiming at providing a security measure to prevent or defend an attack.   Political leaders can also use their authority to established partnerships links with other countries aimed at fostering co-operation thus minimizing threat of attack from those countries.   These co operations may also be used as partners in maintenance of the peace of the country.   Such partners will collaborate in case of an attack or in strategies aimed at minimizing possibilities of an attack. In Orwell’s Animal Farm he depicted good use of political power when the animals united in their fight against Mr. Jones, the earlier owner of the farm. Because of this unity they were able to defeat Mr. Jones (Orwell 1996). Political leaders can use their authority to influence the practices of their country so as to prevent any actions that may trigger attacks from other countries.   Such actions may include neutrality in conflicts involving other parties. Countries in Europe have formed the European Union aimed at co-operation and collaboration in different issues.   This union unites the country hence minimizing the possibility of attack of one country by another.   There are many such unions that have been formed for such purposes including organization for economic co-operation and development (OECD) and the African Union (AU). Other countries in Europe and other places have formed NATO which is aimed at collaboration to prevent attacks form other countries.   All these efforts are aimed at protection of the individual countries and are established by political powers Political power can be used to instigate very bad and harmful activities in a country such as corruption, dictatorship and oppression of citizens. These activities lead to a lot of suffering and deterioration of economies of such countries.   However, political power can also be used to establish policies and practices for the benefit of a country. Political power is a key ingredient for development, peace and safety of a country.   Actually for country to be successful it must have a good and strong political powers that will help instigate the success.   Ã‚  Thus, it is evidence that political power does not always lead to negative outcomes.   It can be used effectively to produce many benefits to a society. Reference: Beyondintractability.org. Power. Retrieved on February 6, 2008 from http://www.beyondintractability.org/essay/Power/ Orwell G. (1996).Animal Farm. New York; New American Library. Spartacus educational. Joseph Stalin. Retrieved on February 6, 2008 from http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/RUSstalin.htm

Structure Of Supply Chain Ford Motor Company - 1935 Words

Structure of supply chain Ford Motor Company manufactures and distributes vehicles across all the 6 continents. The manufacturing is carried out at 70 different plants of varying capacity across the world. Ford has relationships with over 1,600 production suppliers operating at over 4,600 manufacturing sites that produce 130,000 parts for inclusion in vehicles that the company sells. In addition, Ford purchases other non-production supplies, including services, marketing, construction, computers, industrial materials, health care and machinery from over 9,000 suppliers. There are as many 10 tiers of suppliers between Ford and the source of the raw material. Overall, the company spends over $65 billion globally per year on production and non-production purchases. (http://supplychain.unglobalcompact.org/site/article/51) Such an extensive, broad and global supply chain provides opportunities and risks. Opportunities arise from the fact that there are a lot points and places and options that could be changed to cut costs or to improve the quality of production. Similarly there are a lot more risks associated as many different things can go wrong. This is a reason that the SCM at Ford has been under constant change over the years to give them a competitive edge. Nearly from the beginning Ford has been a leader in supply chain. In the early part of the 20th century when there was shortage of materials on account of the world war, it resulted in stalling of the assembly lines.Show MoreRelatedSWOT Analysis: Ford Motor Company Essay1486 Words   |  6 Pagesto invest in Ford Motor Company will take the use of a SWOT analysis and learning about the stakeholders of the company. Business Analysis Part 1: Ford Motor Company There are a lot of factors to think about as a mutual fund manager when deciding whether to invest in a company. When it comes to investing in Ford Motor Company, I will have to make a decision on whether the investment strategy and the associated risks will be a good fit for me and my company. Most businessesRead MoreThe Ford Motor Company Supply Chain Management4996 Words   |  20 PagesThe Ford Motor Company’s Supply Chain Management Landon Orchard 292 Windermere Court West, London, Ontario, Canada 519-661-7006 Landon Orchard is currently an undergraduate business management major at Ashland University, Ashland, Ohio North Central Ohio APICS Chapter Full-time undergraduate student The Ford Motor Company’s Supply Chain Management 2 The Ford Motor Company’s Supply Chain Management ABSTRACT The influx of foreign automobiles that flood the United States market is higher thanRead MoreGeneral Motors Supply Chain Essay1574 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Over the years, the U. S. auto industrys market has been experiencing fluctuations due to many reasons including: price, quality and foreign competition. General Motors Corporation (GM) which had been the leading car and truck manufacturer had been experiencing declining market share and facing stiff competition from both U.S manufacturers and foreign imports such as the Asian auto producers that included Toyota, Honda and Nissan. The main reason for increased foreign competition wasRead MoreFord Motor Company1426 Words   |  6 PagesFord Motor Company Supply Chain Strategy Background In 1913, Henry Ford revolutionized product manufacturing by introducing the first assembly line to the automotive industry. Ford s hallmark of achievement proved to be a key competence for the motor company as the low cost of the Model T attracted a broader, new range of prospective car-owners. However, after many decades of success, customers have become harder to find. 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The costRead MoreFord Motor Company Is A Prosperous Business Essay1899 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction Ford Motor Company has been in business since the 19th century and it has enjoyed a rather successful run as one of the top automobile industries in the United States. Ford Motor Company is a prosperous business because of strategic changes that it was willing to develop and implement. Successful corporations have to adapt to the constantly changing environment or the company will be doomed to failure. In other words, customer shopping habits change as new products are introduced toRead MoreAnalysis Of Ford s Board Of Directors Essay1680 Words   |  7 PagesChairman William Clay Ford Jr.(age 58). He is the great-grandson of Henry Ford Sr. After earning his BA from Princeton University, he began a lifetime of service in the family firm (1979), culminating in his appointment as president and CEO in 2001. As CEO, Mr. Ford improved quality, lowered costs and delivered exciting new products. During his time in that position, he took the company from a $5.5 billion loss in 2001 to three straight years of profitability. On September 5, 2006, Ford announced thatRead MoreFord Case Analysis1706 Words   |  7 PagesMajor Issues Ford Motor Company is facing a major decision with regards to its supply chain strategy moving forward. The underlying question is, â€Å"how should the company use emerging information technologies and ideas from new high-tech industries to change the way it interacted with suppliers?†. Within Ford, there are 2 major, and opposing views. First, there are those that feel strongly that Ford should follow Dell’s model of â€Å"virtual integration† (reaping the benefits of vertical integration

The Effects Of Social Networking Sites On People s Lives

A BRIEF REPORT ON A PAPER â€Å"NOT EVERY FRIEND ON A SOCIAL NETWORKING SITE CAN BE TRUSTED† – A QUALITATIVE WORK DONE BY PROFESSORS AT UNIVERSITY OF MACAU, CHINA. -SAHITHI KUNATI Introduction: There has been a lot of theory about the effect of Social Networking Sites on people’s lives. Some apprehension that Social Networking Sites utilization may reduce human connections and contact, maybe expanding social segregation. Others delight that pervasive network utilizing innovation will add to individuals stores of social capital and lead to other social adjustments. Of the things Americans do on the web, couple†¦show more content†¦Social Networking sites (SNS) give individuals the chance to friend individuals from their general system of relatives, colleagues, and different associates. Much has been made of the utilization of friend in this connection. The individuals who are recorded as friends on SNS might surely be friends in the conventional sense, however they can likewise be old colleagues (e.g., from secondary school) or exceptionally easygoing associations between individuals who have never have met in individual. Some stress that as an aftereffect of utilizing these services, individuals may get to be more secluded and substitute less significant relations for genuine social backing. Others accept this may improve and extend connections. Here underneath are our discoveries on the majority of this. A wrong direction: When friends are added on a social networking profile, cautiousness is obliged to verify that the friend s profile hasn t changed to incorporate wrong substance, an unseemly profile picture or vindictive code. The basic demonstration of evaluating proposed friends may make the director s framework powerless against assault. Although most users of such online networking site as of now comprehend this, disclaimers about friends and substance on their profiles ought to be posted. Clear strategies about tolerating friends ought to be posted also. A few destinations for example, MySpace permit you to control which friends get recorded on your primary profile page, The Effects Of Social Networking Sites On People s Lives A BRIEF REPORT ON â€Å"EVERY FRIEND ON SOCIAL NETWORKING SITE CANNOT BE TRUST†Ã¢â‚¬â€œ A QUALITATIVE WORK DONE BY PROFESSORS AT UNIVERSITY OF MACAU, CHINA. -SAHITHI KUNATI Introduction: There has been a lot of theory about the effect of Social Networking Sites on people’s lives. Some apprehension that Social Networking Sites utilization may reduce human connections and contact, maybe expanding social segregation. Others delight that pervasive network utilizing innovation will add to individuals stores of social capital and lead to other social adjustments. Of the things Americans do on the web, couple of exercises have gotten as much late consideration as the utilization of Social Networking Sites (SNS). These destinations, which incorporate Facebook, MySpace, LinkedIn, furthermore, Twitter are characterized by their exceptional concentrate on permitting individuals to friend others and offer content with different users. By a few records, Americans invest more energy in SNS than doing whatever other single online activity. The Social Networking Giants: Social Networking sites (SNS) have various common features. These incorporate the capacity of users to make a rundown of friends, update their status, to comment on other users statuses what s more, substance, to demonstrate that they like another users content, and to send private messages.Show MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Social Networking Sites On People s Lives1777 Words   |  8 PagesFRIEND ON A SOCIAL NETWORKING SITE CAN BE TRUSTED† – A QUALITATIVE WORK DONE BY PROFESSORS AT UNIVERSITY OF MACAU, CHINA. -SAHITHI KUNATI Introduction: There has been a lot of theory about the effect of Social Networking Sites on people’s lives. Some apprehension that Social Networking Sites utilization may reduce human connections and contact, maybe expanding social segregationRead MoreShould Parents Enforce The Usage Of Social Networking From Youth? Essay1518 Words   |  7 Pagesthe usage of social networking from youth? For some youth and parents, the answer is clear - social networking does more harm than good. Not everyone thinks the same, however. For example, many people believe that allowing kids to utilize technology into kids’ or teens’ lives allows positive outcomes and new opportunities. Yet, what people have not realize is that some people are so busy on social networking that they do not comprehend the damage that it is doing to you children’s lives. For the edificationRead MoreSocial Network1015 Words   |  5 Pages4/8/13 essay - Causes and Effects of Social Networking Causes and Effects of Social Networking Navigation Home #1: Bullying #2: Self Expression and Creativity #3: Sharing Knowledge From Around The World Audience Potential Causes and Effects Sources cited Thesis essa y Sitema p Se ar c h t hi s si t e essay The Effects Of Social Networking Jenna King per. 4 4/5/12 Every day, thousands of people are logging on to social networking websites. 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These people you have chosen to interact with, whether they are in your city, another state, another country or just someone you met onlineRead MoreSummary on Waiting for Superman963 Words   |  4 Pagesdesired expectations in life. In this socialization people tend to slack off into a world of illusion. This era of time from 2001 to the present time we should be named Generation Anti- Social Slacker. This generation is notorious for having no sense of direction we are easily distracted by unnecessary events and issues. Generation Anti- social Slackers lives in a fictitious world where we are allowed to create goals. As a member of the Anti- Social Slacker G eneration our goals of achieving the American

As Technology Has Evolved So Has The Way We, As A Society,

As technology has evolved so has the way we, as a society, consume media. If we look back through history, we can see violent imagery portrayed in books and art. However, after some violent school shootings, people have attempted, and failed, to pin the blame on violent media and even predict if, and when, it will happen again. However if we look at the violent tragedies, and more specifically the people who have committed them, we can see other causes for this violence. Although it can cause issues, violence in media does not cause violent behavior because violence is an accepted part of society, not a single study has predicted shootings, and other factors, such as mental health, are to blame for violent behavior. We must first take a†¦show more content†¦(Jenkins) We could say that violence in media mirrors our violence in society that we face. If we look at america as an example, our society was formed as a result of violent revolution and then after that experienced a rebellion early in it’s existence. As people moved west, they waged campaigns of genocide against native indians. (Newton, 6) Another fact about it is, murder, rape, and other violent crimes are prevalent in the world, all media violence does is inform people that it does exist instead of covering it up and pretending it does not happen. If we did censor violent media, we make the victims of real life violent crimes be compelled to hide it from everyone, only empowering the violent criminals. (Kaufman) We live in a violent society, art imitates the modes of life, not the other way around; It would be better for congress to clean that society than to clean up the reflection of that society. (Anderson and Bushman) Not only that but researching the effect media violence has on a person is hard to do. Research in the field is mostly ill-conceived, poorly executed, and result driven (Castronova). It is mainly difficult to study because lab experimentation takes place in a entirely different environment than everyday life, where the effects might be divided by many factors such as distraction, converse, and other outside influence. So, in the end any simple statement on the subject obscures the complexity of the facts (Cutler). EdwardShow MoreRelatedModern Technology Is Simply An Advancement Of Old Technology,1231 Words   |  5 PagesModern technology is simply an advancement of old technology, the impact of technology in modern life is unmeasurable, we use technology in different ways and sometimes the way we implement various technologies ends up harming our lives or the society we leave in. What we call modern technology is technically not so new in most cases. For example, mobile phone techn ology has evolved with years, nowadays we use smartphones which have been an advancement of an ordinary mobile phone. Technology is appliedRead MoreSociety ´s Interaction with Technology in Burning Chrome by William Gibson1158 Words   |  5 Pageshave been based on the growing relationship of technology and human beings. Today, technology is continuously changing and evolving along with the way people adapt to these technological advances. Technology has completely changed our way of living, it has entwined with our humanity, by being able to replace limbs and organs that we once thought could not be replaced. One of the most crucial things that technology has changed is the way people in society interact with one another. A story written byRead MoreMorality And Technology And The Presence Of Technology1623 Words   |  7 Pagesfable in class, they are unaware that the story has a moral. It has a lesson that the adults attempt to instill in them at the very beginning stages of their lives. These lessons teach morality and begin to introduce certain values to children. In this way, every pers on develops values throughout his/her life that are impacted by his or her environment, biology and social constructs. Through these values, morality is developed and because each person has his or her own unique values, morality is basedRead MoreGene Therapy And Human Genetic Engineering1646 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Although we are all members of a single species, we differ from one another in such visible traits as the color of our skin and the shape of our noses, and in biochemical factors such as our blood types and our susceptibility to certain diseases† (Sheridan College Institute of Technology and Advanced Learning, 2013, p. 34). To understand human physical development and evolution one has to understand biological anthropology as the focus on humans as biological organisms. 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Critical Reasoning Free Essays

Critical Reasoning Assignment I (Exercise 2) 1. Sappho- The type or style of writing that Sappho used in â€Å"To Absent Lovers’† was poetry. This literary work was very familiar to me and was fairly easy to comprehend. We will write a custom essay sample on Critical Reasoning or any similar topic only for you Order Now The basic subject matter of this story was about two people that seemed to be in love with one another that eventually had to separate in the end. Ban Zhao- In the passage â€Å"Admonitions For Women,† it basically tells us about the way of the woman in ancient medieval China. This was a very informative outlook on the way the women were viewed and treated in China. It is a very recognizable literary work, but it is different from anything I have read. The way the modern woman is viewed today in the U. S. is very different than the way they were viewed in China. They were pretty much expected to do their part and do whatever the men needed done. If a woman was to mess up, they were expected to confess and admit it. If they did something good, they were expected not to mention it. Lady Murasaki- The type or style of â€Å"The Tale of Genji† was mainly romance. I have never seen a literary work that was quite like this. To me, it was hard to understand and comprehend. It did, however, give a good deal of information about the outlook on romance in Japanese cultures. Anna Comnena- The style of writing in the passage â€Å"The Alexiad† was basically just describing different people. It went in to great detail of describing every little thing about each person. Marie de France- I honestly did not understand this passage very well. For some reason it was harder to understand than the others. It obviously was a romantic story but I didn’t get it. 2. After reading the five passages, I found some similarities and some differences in the writers and their work. I found that three of the five passages were about romance. This tells me that these passages were obviously written in a romantic time in history. I think Ban Zhao tended to be more different from any of the other writers. In the passage she wrote, â€Å"Admonitions For Women,† she basically described the role of the woman in the ancient medieval China rather than romance. 3. In my opinion, I think there certainly is a uniquely feminine perspective. The reason for this is most of the time women have a different point of view or mind-set than men. Women tend to view things differently than men and that is just a natural trait. For example, something that means nothing to a man could mean the world to a woman. After reading â€Å"A Night’s Tale,† I think the tone is slightly different. I don’t think anyone could draw a conclusion to this simply because there are so many opinions and you couldn’t base your opinions on one passage. . The passage I enjoyed the most was â€Å"Admonitions For Women† by Ban Zhao. Something that really appealed to me in this passage was the way she elaborated on how the women of China used to be treated. It gave me a great sense of visualization and allowed me to really see what women had to go through. It also showed me how much different the role of the woman in China was rather than in the U. S. The reason I preferred reading this passage rather than the others was it was easier for me to read and it was very interesting in every aspect. How to cite Critical Reasoning, Papers

An Ethical Dilemma Broad Philosophies Of The Ethical Theories

Question: Write about anEthical Dilemma for Broad Philosophies of Ethical Theories. Answer: Introduction Ethics in todays world is a very debatable yet pertinent and widely spoken issue. Often the words ethics and laws are used interchangeably, but there is a subtle difference between the two. Ethics refer to the social norms based on moralities and values and are not subjected to any sort of punishment if violated. Contrarily, laws are established rules and regulations that may result in penalty and trial if not abided. In the healthcare sector, a thorough understanding and awareness of the prevalent laws and guidelines in conjunction with the professional codes of conduct in the respective disciplines are imperative to foster improved healthcare facilities and ensure speedy recovery and well-being of the patients receiving care (Henaghan, 2012). In this context, the role of the healthcare professionals and their attitudes and actions towards their jobs may be considered pivotal to establish effective care programs (Wickramasinghe, Moghimi, Schaffer, 2015). However, sometimes situatio ns pose barrier to carry out ones task smoothly due to conflict of interest arising out of mental perceptions as to follow the moral imperatives or not. This complex scenario, generally known as ethical dilemma is evident from the given case study numbered one. Ethical dilemma in healthcare practice is very much case sensitive and therefore demands insightful expertise and pragmatism on the professionals part to tackle the condition without disturbing the balance in the workplace (Doherty Purtilo, 2015). The case study one described a situation in which a reputed sports physiotherapist and specialist in treating musculoskeletal injuries named Kamil Sharma, appointed in an AFL club faced an unforeseen situation, which put him in front of an ethical dilemma. To understand the dilemma developed out of the situation it is essential to know the background of the situation in the club. Kamil maintained a cordial relationship with the players as well as the club managers and even had close association with two of the players. One evening while in a bar, he came to know that the sports scientists and coaches were supplying performance-enhancing drugs to the athletes. His information was verified at a later instance when he discovered a package of the banned peptide Thymosin beta-4 at the club headquarters. Kamil, next brought this matter to the notice of both the club management and the coach. The competent authorities instead of paying proper heed to this matter allured him of rewarding wit h greater salary if he chose to remain silent regarding the issue. The acknowledgement of the offer would render better care for his poor, old, ailing parents staying in Lebanon. He is fully conscious about the long term health consequences of the usage of this banned peptide of Thymosin beta-4 in addition to the violation of the anti-doping regulations in sport, apart from its performance enhancing benefit. The players being contractually under the obligation of abiding by the dictums of the management could not even refuse the use of the banned peptide. The preface of the studied case was like what has been described in the preceding text. In view of the case study, the prime stakeholders of the ensuing events may be identified. The direct group vulnerable to the outcomes of the usage of the banned peptide of Thymosin beta-4 is the players of the AFL club. Pertaining to the context of ethical dilemma, Kamil Sharma the sports physiotherapist and specialist in treating musculoskeletal injuries is the other stakeholder. Apart from the sports physiotherapist, the nurses attending the players and who are also integral parts of the sports medicine team are also among the potentially affected. The primary role of a sports physiotherapist is to apply treatment modality through physical means of thermal, electrical, hydraulic, mechanical measures alongside manual therapy-oriented exercises through distinguished techniques. Sports medicine nurses are entitled to work in assistance with the sports physicians, physical therapists to help out the patients encountering musculoskeletal injuries ranging from bone fractures and disloca tions, joint sprain, muscle strain to torn ligaments. The nurses of a sports medicine team are required to document the history of the patients, assist the doctors in devising a treatment regime and educate the players to prevent sports related injuries in the future (Brukner, 2012). In the chosen scenario, these two groups of healthcare professionals are likely to be affected by the ethical dilemma issue as they are in continuous communication and are in grip of the players health status. There is a very thin line of differentiation between the ethical and legal conflicts regarding the given case study. The ethical conflicts emanate from the physiotherapists perplexity in confronting the malpractice of using the banned peptide of Thymosin beta-4 among the players under the instruction of the sports scientists and coaches. On the contrary, the legal conflicts link to the recommendations and persuasions to unlawfully incorporate the prohibited drug of Thymosin beta-4 for the sake of enhancing sporting performance in an event. Thymosin beta-4 though not included as a scheduled prohibited drug according to World Anti Doping Agency (WADA) list of banned substances but has the potential hazards of anabolic steroids (Hatton, Green, Ambrose, 2014). In view of its potential health hazards, Australian Sports Anti-doping agency have urged the World Anti-doping Agency (WADA) to include this drug into its updated list of prohibited substances (Harcourt, Marclay, Clothier, 2014). The drug has the ability to increase muscle growth, endurance and strength with greater angiogenesis and anti-inflammatory effects that help in wound healing. Apart from these effects the drug has the risk as the other anabolic steroids and the person taking this drug may even develop flu like symptoms (Davison Brown, 2013). The dignity and rights of all the stakeholders in the chosen case may be assessed depending upon the ethical theories, health care and human rights charters. The deontologist theory may be referred to in this context of the given case study. As per this ethical theory, an ethical action rather than being performed by means of assessing the consequences is done by virtue of certain moral guidelines. Rather than evaluating the outcomes of the unique actions against every circumstance or how much happiness is gained out of that action, the healthcare professional upheld a set of universal moral principles or duties (Townsend Luck, 2012). The physicians and other healthcare professionals working in the realm of competitive sports setting come across distinct ethical challenges, mostly generating out of the conflict of interests. Team management recruited physicians are under the obligations to deliver their duties in sync with the best interest of the club, in addition to taking proper of the athletes playing for the club. They are entrusted to do a balancing act in maintaining the individual health data of the athletes by ensuring safety and confidentiality of the data as per the data protection law. Additionally, they have to handle issues related to autonomous informed consent and authoritative decision making to evaluate whether an athlete is fit enough to compete in an event without any harm. Simultaneously, the physician plays a crucial role in taking decisions regarding the performance enhancement as well as come back to play of an athlete that may not be of good effect for the athletes in the long run but certainly would benefit the team management in the immediate days that follow. Dearth of evidence based protocols in the territory hugely impacted by the temptations of financial profits for multiple parties participations; render these arduous tasks of the members of the Sports medicine team to become more complicated (Testoni et al., 2013). Distinction of the ethical and legal conflicts may be done in the perspective of the principles and virtues of healthcare ethics that inform professional practice. Healthcare ethics is governed by some definite principles that are mutually interrelated to optimize the care in the healthcare infrastructure. In this respect, four key principles supplemented by four rules may be discussed to better understand the idea of healthcare ethics. The prime ethical principles fostering improved healthcare facility are autonomy, beneficence, non-malfeasance and justice (Pelletier et al., 2015). Autonomy encourages people to make their own choices without any persuasion or coercing. Informed consent is a vital effect of this principle. The other virtue of beneficence is intended for the welfare of the people to help them enjoy quality life. Moreover, non-malfeasance considers the notion of not inflicting harm or pain whatsoever, do not incapacitate or cause offense or deprivation of any sort and most importantly do not kill the patient. It is important to note in this matter that both beneficence and non-malfeasance underpins the concept of evidence based practice (EBP). Justice on the other hand encompasses treating everyone fairly in a non-discriminatory, respectful and non-prejudicial manner complying the existing laws and rules (Allhoff Hall, 2014). Referring to the case study, all these virtues and their conflicts may be illustrated. The physiotherapist is under a conflicting ideal of ethics associated to beneficence and non-malfeasance. Despite being fully aware of the ill-effects due to administration of the banned peptide of Thymosin beta-4, in the athletes, he is in a dilemma to articulate words of protest against the team management who are endorsing the drug usage. The laws prohibiting the use of the drug and the penalties of such legal violations are known to him as well. Therefore a breach of the justice ethical principle is challenging his interest as well. T he ethics forum is under constant evaluation and exploration of such precarious and conflicting issues regarding medical ethics in Sports Medicine. The fundamental problem of the physicians working privately for professional sports teams has been scrutinized by the researchers (Instances Pappas, 2015). The codes of ethics and codes for professional conduct act as sources of reference for the professionals in the healthcare setting to abide by the guiding rules and regulations without any hassle and ensure improved care. Multi-spectral data accessible from disparate backgrounds in the modern times have made it increasingly critical for the people associated with the healthcare industry to successfully implement the various interventional strategies. The predictive mode of data analysis is relevant in this context where the physicians have to forecast the complications and other health related issues of the administered drug (Wickramasinghe, Moghimi, Schaffer, 2015). The Inter-professional Professionalism Collaborative (IPC) has put forward certain guiding principles of inter-professional practice. Notable among the mentioned principles are the virtues of altruism, respect, ethics, communication, accountability and excellence. The feasibility of the collaborative job among the inter -professional healthcare workers is thus essential to establish a common set-up within the healthcare framework (Tsou, Shih, Ho, 2015). Proper registration, accreditation, formulation of national standards in conjunction with appropriate defining decorum in terms of profession identity have paved the way for advanced healthcare regime in the developed nations as in Australia. Professional skills include competency in the particular field supported by enough technical, theoretical knowledge acquired through dynamic learning process, together with personal attributes such as prudence, critical thinking and reflection, respectful behavior, caring attitude and others (Murcot et al., 2014). The codes of professional conduct for the healthcare personnel are very much related to their other counterparts as healthcare is a multidisciplinary field and therefore measures and treatment modalities generally follow a holistic approach. The standards of ethical conduct as proposed by the Interna tional Council of Nurses (ICN) may be relevant where enough emphasis has been laid on the relationship aspects of the nurses related to their practice, profession, colleagues or co-workers and finally with the people under their care (Masters, 2015). In the chosen scenario of the case study, the ethical standards of the physiotherapist and the nurse assisting the physician is desired to be of utmost priority for proper functioning of the healthcare management pertaining to the athletes context. In the sports domain, the multiple stakeholders encounter the traditional challenges related to autonomy and confidentiality of the data (Greenfield West, 2012). In the given case study situation, the conflicts of interest on the part of the specialist physiotherapist emanate from the colliding obligations to the athletes as well as to the members of sports management team including the coaches and team officials. However, pragmatic following of the codes of conduct for the healthcare profes sionals with an individualized approach in compliance with the existing laws may guide towards an ethical practice of the relevant profession. In this context, the case can be aligned with the professional conduct and the codes of ethics for nurses in Australia. In this context, according to the conduct statement 2 in professional conduct, Nurses practice and conduct themselves in accordance with laws relevant to the profession and practice of nursing, thus, Kamil should follow the legal procedure and report the illegal incident to the higher sports authority, instead of maintaining silence. Moreover, the purpose of the Code of ethics for nurses in Australia highlights that professionals should be capable of identifying the fundamental ethical standards and values to which their profession is committed. In addition, according to value statement 7 and 8, professional should value ethical management of information and professionals should value a socially, economically and ecologically sustainable environment promoting health and wellbeing. Therefore, it can be interpreted that, Kamil should ensure that he is contributing in promoting a sustainable environment of health and wellbeing in the sport club. For sustainable environment, he should be accountable for the players health and should report about any kind of unethical incident to the higher authority. Thus, ethically, the codes of professional conduct and codes of ethics will help Kamil to take right decision in that critical situation. Considering the findings and proceedings in the given case study situation, and the challenges faced due to ethical dilemma, suitable ethically as well as legally acceptable resolutions may be provided. The two broad philosophies of ethical theories of consequentialism and deontology, compatible with the outcomes of the chosen case scenario may be suggested as the possible solution. Consequentialism takes into account the repercussions of the actions executed, while actions based upon a set of morals and principles form the foundation of the deontology philosophy. A synergistic balance maintained through these two ethical theories may ally the ethical dilemma arising out of the conflicting interests in the given case situation. The best overall result may be expected if these theories are stringently followed in compliance with the legal implications. Pertaining to the diversity of the professional codes of conduct, the recommended solutions may have case-sensitive outcomes but the c entral objective of the theories will be in place subjected to proper application. References: Allhoff, F., Hall, M. (2014).The Affordable Care Act Decision: Philosophical and Legal Implications(Vol. 57). Routledge. Brukner, P. (2012).Brukner Khan's clinical sports medicine. North Ryde: McGraw-Hill. Davison, G., Brown, S. (2013). The potential use and abuse of thymosin -4 in sport and exercise science.Journal of sports sciences,31(9), 917-918. Doherty, R. F., Purtilo, R. B. (2015).Ethical dimensions in the health professions. Elsevier Health Sciences. Greenfield, B. H., West, C. R. (2012). Ethical Issues in Sports Medicine A Review and Justification for Ethical Decision Making and Reasoning.Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach,4(6), 475-479. Harcourt, P. R., Marclay, F., Clothier, B. (2014). A forensic perspective of the AFL investigation into peptides: an antidoping investigation case study.British journal of sports medicine,48(10), 810-813. Hatton, C. K., Green, G. A., Ambrose, P. J. (2014). Performance-enhancing drugs: Understanding the risks.Physical medicine and rehabilitation clinics of North America,25(4), 897-913. Henaghan, M. (2012).Health professionals and trust: The cure for healthcare law and policy. Routledge. Instances, G., Pappas, A. (2015). Sports Medicine Ethics Forum Welcome.Sports Medicine. Masters, K. (2015).Role development in professional nursing practice. Jones Bartlett Publishers. Murcot, P., Williams, B., Morgans, A., Boyle, M. (2014). Community perceptions of the professional status of the paramedic discipline.Int Paramed Pract,4(1), 13-8. Pelletier, C., Stevenson, F., Chrysikou, V., Park, S., Gibson, W. (2015). Reconsidering ethics and qualityin healthcare research: the case for an iterative ethical paradigm.BMC Health Services Research. Testoni, D., Hornik, C. P., Smith, P. B., Benjamin Jr, D. K., McKinney Jr, R. E. (2013). Sports medicine and ethics.The American Journal of Bioethics,13(10), 4-12. Townsend, R., Luck, M. (2012).Applied Paramedic Law and Ethics: Australia and New Zealand. Elsevier Health Sciences. Tsou, P., Shih, J., Ho, M. J. (2015). A comparative study of professional and interprofessional values between health professional associations.Journal of interprofessional care,29(6), 628-633. Wickramasinghe, N., Moghimi, H., Schaffer, J. L. (2015). Leverage Healthcare Data Assets with Predictive Analytics.Improving Health Management through Clinical Decision Support Systems, 237.